Who Killed Palomino Molero

The story is basically about the murder of a young boy who was either drafted or enlisted in the base and is named palomino molero. The first chapter begins with the description of the boy’s corpse hung on the old carob tree. The description brought me goosebumps because the death suffered by Palomino is a pitiable one and is beyond my imagination. The boy’s mouth and nose being slit and his testicles pulled out to his thighs are the extremes of inhumanity. In order to interpret this brutal killing , the author writes â€Å"it was one thing to imagine it (referring to the situation while the boy was describing the situation)and quite another to see it and smell it. † The first chapter gives a brief view on the character of officer Lituma who is the one to have witnessed the tortured corpse. This chapter also gives an idea about officer Lituma’s friends and the friendship they share. They have their own theme song and they are known as ‘the unstobbables’. Even at the bar with his friends he cannot quite get the unpleasant incident out of his mind. There is an element of concern within him and a strong determination to find those cruel murderers of Palomino molero. The second chapter introduces the boy’s mother Dona Asunta. It also describes her lifestyle and the place in which she lives in. Lust and superstition are two other elements found in the story. Lieutenant Silva has strong sexual desires for Dona Asunta inspite of the fact that she is married and has children. Superstition arises when the Dona asks Lituma if he had found the guitar that belonged to her son because the fortune tellers had told her that the day the guitar is found that would be the day the murderers would be revealed to them. This chapter also tells us that Palomino was a great singer and a harmless lad who would not even hurt a fly. This chapter also introduces a character named Moises nicknamed Dumbo because of his unusually long ears. It ends with Lituma questioning Dumbo, about his brutal death and trying to come up with reasons to his brutal killing. In my opinion the story is quite exciting and it keeps me wanting to know more.

Curriculum Planning History Essay

Introduction Curriculum Planning History has several historical or political occurrences that have mostly influenced current curriculum design through various teaching styles and patterns. Educational communities shape and mold our society and society in turn impacts the curriculum. Majority of all stakeholders speak openly concerning their views today in hopes to persuade legislatures and school officials about decisions going forth or changing within school systems. In the last 10 years some of the most dramatically changes within curriculum in the schools has resulted due to the increasing number of US youth in school, the diversity of the US population, traditional classroom setting activities, increase in pre-kindergarten students beginning school, the likelihood of diminishing smaller schools, minimizing teacher/pupil ratios at a slow pace, technological future: and the future becoming technology, and who is left to teach becomes a critical question. The ELL laws and SIOP have impacted our educational communities’ curriculum development in both negative and positive ways. For example, some of the benefits of SIOP for non-ELL teachers are dramatic increase awareness in professional-development programs on how to teach English-language learners as a plus in the implementation of the law. Nevertheless, the No Child Left Behind Act could be thought of as a disadvantage more than a benefit to English-language learners, this belief is one of the few researchers who have studied the impact that the law has had on instruction. I personally believe in the NCLB Act and I was very much an advocate for the Act when it initially became effective. Also we must acknowledge the â€Å"gifted education† movement and how it identifies with the initial curriculum development both negatively and positively from its first implementations of similar development and specifications. Most Influential Historical/Political Occurrences The melting pot approach has interested educators in the integration of diversity. The melting pot approach was adopted in the 60s and 70s, soon quickly becoming known nationwide in the United States at the same time interacting with similar subjects of various cultural, ethnic and religious backgrounds. Metaphoric speaking contents of the pot–people of different cultures, languages and religions are combined so as to lose their distinct identities resulting in a final product that is quite interesting but nothing like the normal consistency at start. Resulting in more multicultural, multiethnic and multi-religious societies it is important that curriculum understands and reflect these changes. As stated by Ornstein and Hunkins (1998), â€Å"the complexion of our students is changing from one colour to various shades of colour and this adding of colour and cultural diversity will continue into the foreseeable future† (p.146). As we continue to research our influential historical and political occurrences we take notice of the world changing into a global village. Society becoming even more diverse as people brings new values and new languages to assist in establishing a new way of life. Then there is the salad bowl approach where diversity is personified individually but all uniquely at the same time. In other words, take for instance the makeup of a salad where all ingredients (diverse backgrounds) maintain their own specific flavors. The salad bowl approach is better representation than the melting pot approach. It is politically correct to assume that Cultural diversity of pluralism demonstrates how most societal beliefs are made up of several voices and various races. This outline allows groups to show good manners and appreciation of each other; coexisting and interacting without issues. Society members usually more committed than not in participating and sharing the lead of power and decision making as history proves with this approach. ELL Laws and SIOP Impact Educators specializing in teaching English-language learners tend to be uncertain about the federal No Child Left Behind Act. Although, most have expressed that the 10-year-old plus law has shown concern for the handling of test results resulting from the criteria spelled out within the NCLB Act. It is evident that the challenges these students face has prompted an  increase in professional development, specifically for mainstream teachers. While acknowledging the ELL Laws are not clear about the instruction being more positive or negative overall. As English-learners’ test scores fall short many believe it is wrong to penalize schools. In addition to reviewing the ELL laws we must address the Sheltered Instruction Observation Protocol, or SIOP, defined as a model for teaching English and academic content simultaneously. For example, clearly written objectives content, clearly written language objectives, key vocabulary emphasized, various technique concepts usage to stress clarity, and providing many consistent opportunities for interactive teacher/student dialogue encouraging elaborated responses are some examples. For example, SIOP allows a teacher to implement various hands on teaching and training aids that can only assist in teaching the average ELL students at a more rapid pace. â€Å"Gifted Education† Movement Impact The â€Å"Gifted Education† curriculum has impacted education for at least twenty-five years or more with various issues. Therefore implementing and identifying key trends including values and substantial material for the elite, technological subject matter, aspects of creative interactive lesson plans for the academically skilled persons within core subject areas. It is obvious Passow’s flattering article on secondary programming was designed for the gifted student that was justifiably leveled between mental and influential areas. Passow’s model provided answers on creating a guide for tracking implementations and improvements that called for concerns about accepting one’s own beliefs and assisting others who you might not agree with. It was also centered morally and ethically with developmental stages in reality and emphasis on critical thinking and resolving problems, a stress on the liberal arts, and customized choices. Surely, Passow and VanTassel-Baska are advocates for Advanced Placement and International Baccalaureate programs. Mentorships, internships, and independent study are all examples of why there is a need for more customized interactions. Conclusion Curriculum Planning History occurrences are dictated by the outcome of present and past societal decisions that have outweighed educational models  and theories across the nation in various educational communities. Curriculum Planning prepares students from past experiences to embrace the now and willingly reaches out and take on the future. In other words, a curriculum needs to address the wants and needs of everyone desiring to resolve social conditions locally, nationally and globally (McNeil, 1995). In the United States the number of school-age students will grow from more than 60 million in 2012 to possibly 80 million in 2050. However, it is extremely critical not to ignore or deny the possibilities the trends reveal. Therefore, we can hope â€Å"Trends† will best serve as a starting point where educators and facilities professionals come together to â€Å"think outside of the box,† to ask â€Å"what if,† to wonder â€Å"why can’t we,† and to â€Å"consider the unconsidered.† Flashing back on Chen, 20110, stating how open discussions of the potential impact of the trends on public education and its school structures will surely emerge new and exciting ideas. Undoubtedly, the roles of all stakeholders will be affected by a changing future. In conclusion, it has been proven that educators and educational specialists do continue to shape diverse futures. As an old favorite African proverb of mine reminds us; Tomorrow belongs to the people who prepare for it today. A Collaborative Curriculum is created and necessary based on the circumstances and beliefs during that period of time. The collaboration is reflective of various political ideologies, societal predictions, divine beliefs and wisdom conceptions at a particular point in time. While there is great advancements in information and communication technology, administrators, teachers and students are expressing and gathering views globally. It has been seen in other school systems and majority of all stakeholders would like to see these practices in their own educational community. References: Ornstein, A. and Hunkins, F. Curriculum: Foundations, principle and issues. (1998). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon. Chapter 5: Social foundations of curriculum. Passow, A. H. (1986). Curriculum for the gifted and talented at the secondary level. Gifted Child Quarterly, 30, 186-191. [See Vol. 4, p. 103.] Stevenson, K. R., (September 2010). Educational Trends Shaping School Planning, Design, Construction, Funding, and Operation., National Clearing House For Educational Facilities www.files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED539457.pdf Topic 3: Social Foundations of Curriculum peoplelearn.homestead.com/beduc/module_3.social.history.doc VanTassel-Baska, J., Zuo, L., Avery, L. D., & Little, C. A. (2002). A curriculum study of gifted-student learning in the language arts. Gifted Child Quarterly, 46(1), 30-44. [See Vol. 5.] VanTassel-Baska, J., (2003). Introduction to Curriculum for Gifted and Talented Students: A 25-Year Retrospective and Prospective. The College of William and Mary.

Assess at least four different sources of data that could be used in a Research Paper

Assess at least four different sources of data that could be used in a digital forensic investigation - Research Paper Example In addition, discussion will also be helpful for network administrators in understanding different aspects of computer forensics, which will help them in ensuring greater security of their organizations strategically. Before assessing the topic, it is very essential to understand the definition of digital forensics that has been under the process of acquiring recognition due to dearth of research in the area and due to lack of awareness about importance of digital forensics in today’s competitive world. Briefly, forensics is the process in which experts utilize scientific means and skills to collect and analyze evidence that then can be submitted in the court for legal purpose (Kent, Chevaller, Grance, & Dang, 2006). In this regard, digital forensics is a newly-born discipline that is gradually acquiring its importance as a formal area of study that deals with scientific knowledge in collection of evidence from different sources of data related to computers that involve deskto ps, laptops, routers, CCTV, network hubs, logs, software, time packages, emails, etc (ENFSI, 2003). It is very imperative to understand that since digital forensics is a new area of study that is still under the process of standardization, therefore, discussion in this paper related to different sources of data might not be the final word. Thus, it will take further study and investigation to reach to a conclusion in terms of prioritizing these sources in terms of their utilization in different events/incidents. In addition, from a technical perspective, it is also essential to understand that besides assessing different sources of data, it is equally important to ensure fulfillment of primary goal of digital forensics that is about preservation of the identified data source. It has been an observation that investigators usually are able to identify important data sources; however, they overlook preservation of the sources that results in unacceptable of evidence in the court. SOURC ES OF DATA As mentioned earlier, digital forensic investigation has been divided into different stages of preservation, collection, examination, and analysis (ENFSI, 2003). Collection stage is relevant in this paper as it involves identification and collection of information pertinent to the case under investigation. In case of usual forensics, everything is a source since investigators are able to gather information from people and acquire fingerprints from clothes, furniture, floors, etc. However, when it comes to digital forensics, information is usually available in computers of computerized equipments, such as phone logs, web traffic, packet sniffers, network records, etc (ENFSI, 2003), and therefore, it is usually not possible to take away the whole equipment, and investigators have to collect the information while ensuring complete preservation. In digital forensics, besides four stages, one can categorize the stage of collection in two parts. Firstly, investigators collect b ackground evidence that refers to the data that is usually available and stored for usual organizational purposes (Sheldon, 2002). On the other hand, investigators also come across

Article analysis Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Article analysis - Term Paper Example Health care in America faces relevant pressing issues that need immediate attention. Statistics provided by the AFL-CIO (â€Å"What’s Wrong With America, par. 2) reveal that 47 million Americans are without health insurance. Hacker (â€Å"Health Care for America†, par. 2) averred that â€Å"health insecurity is not confined to one part of the population. It is experienced by all Americans: those without insurance as well as those who risk losing coverage; those who are impoverished as well as those with higher incomes who experience catastrophic costs; those who are sick or injured as well as those who are just one sickness or injury away from financial calamity†. The Obama administration planned to reinforce the universal health care system for (almost) all Americans regardless of age, income, policyholder, gender or race. Incorporated in this universal health care plan is a National Health Insurance Exchange which would oversee current private insurance policyholders. Issues emerged on concerns that covering the uninsured entails paying higher taxes to subsidize this cost. In line of the economic crisis, these reforms are evaluated in the light of current budget constraints, specifically on education and Medicare programs. Further, the Miller averred that congressional leaders continue to divulge opposing views regarding the changes that were to be implemented and how to implement them. The cause of the disagreement was basically on public option, â€Å"a government-run insurance scheme, and how to pay for the remainder of reform† (BBC News, 2010, par. 19) The Republicans consistently opposed Obama’s healthcare reform indicating that healthcare would be "more bureaucratic and expensive" (BBC News, 2010, par. 25). They â€Å"focused on reducing the cost of health care and included only modest increases in insurance coverage† (Miller, 2010, 1103). The Democrats, on the other hand, supported Obama’s bill requiring â€Å"most Americans to

Research Essay is an essay based on the cyber forensic

Research is an based on the cyber forensic - Essay Example nked with the enhancement of these composite devices (in the existence of exclusive and proprietary resolution), repeatedly have a say in their nonexistence. Like protection expertise, cyber precaution actions and competences also require to be polished to contain the exclusiveness and fine distinction related to management systems (Rowlingson, 2004). As a basic constituent to incident response potential, Casey (2004) argues that cyber forensics allow for the compilation, assesment, scrutiny, and reporting of event information. Cyber forensics is the use of scientifically verified techniques to collect, develop, deduce, and to apply digital proof to give a convincing depiction of cyber crime tricks (Saks & Koehler, 2005). Cyber forensics also comprise of the act of making digital information appropriate for addition into a scandalous investigation (Rowlingson, 2004). Nowadays cyber forensics is a phrase used in combination with regulation enforcement, and is taught as lessons in numerous colleges and universities in the world (Saks & Koehler, 2005). Computer forensics, for some time, has been majorly wellknown, and has grown into an information expertise facility that is quite familiar amongst present day information protection plans (Boddington et al, 2008). The aim of cyber forensics is to prop up the fundamentals of troubleshooting, scrutinizing, recuperation, as well as safeguarding sensitive information. Furthermore, in the incidence of a scandal being performed, computer forensics is also a way to accumulating, scrutinizing, and storing data as proof in a lawsuit (Casey, 2004). While scalable to several information expertise fields, particularly contemporary commercial architectures, cyber forensics are taxing when being practical to cotemporary environments, which do not encompass modern information technologies, or are planned with technologies, which do not present ample data archives or appraisal capacities (Rowlingson, 2004). Moreover, Cohen (2006)

Che guevara Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Che guevara - Movie Review Example He only relates to what his eyes seen as clearly depicted by his reactions to their host, the wife to Aberto friend at Necochea. The scene therefore becomes quite clear that this is a duo, embarking on an adventurous trip at the expense of their academics. The movie depicts the two (Ernesto and friend) as trickery and rebellious through the way they defraud people of shelter, transport and food. The unfolding of the film however depicts the two in fun and adventure unlike through whatever the narration actually portrays of the duo; stowaways, bandits and hooligans. The events of the film reveal gradual change of Guevara through the garment of civilization and the ties of cultural norms. The movie clearly depicts the ‘needy’ aspect throughout their adventures and which ultimately served to transform their character. Their encounters and diary depicts their perception of social injustices as well as inequality as people struggle in poverty while others enjoy affluence. It also depicts some change through the live of Guevara who stands to see through hope; future dreams in starting up a hospital to help the poverty stricken community. A revolutionary episode set in through the intention of the two to setting up revolutionary movements to empower poor people against exploitation by those in power. The movie then sets a close at the airport where in acknowledgement of the change that had happened within them over the trip, the duo parts ways (Carte

Students with Special Needs Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Students with Special Needs - Assignment Example However, he is capable of understanding speech and language although this capability is not absolutely normal. The disability in speech and language slows down his capability to comprehend sounds and language that he is able to listen (Speech and Language Disorders and Diseases, 2009). I would use visuals and words to meet the needs of the speech and language disabled student. For instance, if I wanted to teach this student what a house was, I would show him the picture of a house with the word "house" written under the picture of the house. I would then proceed to break down the visual of the house to its various components such as the door, windows, walls, floor, etc. each with the respective words under them and show these visuals to the student until he has thoroughly understood them. The speech and language disabled student will have some problems in understanding what he is being taught with pictures and words. However, he will soon master the art of identifying the house with the word "house" beneath the picture. Although, he is speech and language disabled, he is not completely deaf and dumb. He is capable of producing sounds. He is also capable of recognizing the outlines in the pictures being shown to him. The speech and language disabled student will have problem with different languages. ... However, he will soon master the art of identifying the house with the word "house" beneath the picture. Although, he is speech and language disabled, he is not completely deaf and dumb. He is capable of producing sounds. He is also capable of recognizing the outlines in the pictures being shown to him. 2a) Identify one additional instructional strategy or student activity from the outline of plans that could be challenging for the student, considering the student's other learning needs The speech and language disabled student will have problem with different languages. For instance, if I show him the picture of the house with the word "house" written below the picture in English, he will soon master the English language as well. However, if I used the words in other languages he may have to be taught all over again. In this case, it will be a challenge like the one experienced by a person learning a new language. 2b) Explain why the strategy or activity you chose could be challenging for the student, based on specific aspects of the student description The strategy or activity chosen could be challenging because there is no guarantee that one strategy could work for all the speech and language disabled students. One strategy could work for one student, but for another student I may have to use another strategy that may be successful only with the second student. For instance, I can use the picture of the house and the word "house" written under it for the first student because it works for him. But another student may not understand English, so I may have to use words of his mother tongue to meet his need. 2c) Describe how you would adapt the strategy or activity you identified to meet the needs of the student I would use words and sounds with which the

Exploring ethics in contemporary business Assignment

Exploring ethics in contemporary business - Assignment Example Further, decisions in an organisation are taken, for instance, to mitigate risks or brainstorm for the best alternatives to move an organisation to the next level (Guest & Woodrow, 2012) . In a hierarchical organisational structure, decisions are made in boardrooms by the top management without involving other employees. Consequently, the style of leadership in a hierarchical organisational structure tends to be authoritative, where the decision made by the top management is final (Ahmed, Bwisa, & Karanja, 2014). In such a case where decisions go wrong, the management should be held accountable for poor decision-making. On the contrary, while a flatter organisational structure allows other employees to take part in the decision-making process, the management still has the last word regarding the ideal decision to be implemented (Michaelson, 2010). In this sense, ethical issues arise whether it is appropriate to hold an employee accountable for poor decision-making in an organisation. In an organisation, decision-making entails a process of tackling a problem by looking for a solution that will bring about value for an organisation’s stakeholders. In essence, decisions in an organisation can be programmed or non-programmed. In the former, decisions are normally repetitive and routine while, in the latter process, decisions tend to be novel and unstructured (Ahmed, Bwisa, & Karanja, 2014). Some of the models in the literature that can be associated with organisational decision-making include the Rational, Carnegie, Incrementalist, Unstructured and the Garbage Can models (Glockner & Betsch, 2011). With regard to the rational model, the process of making decisions is straightforward and involves a three-step process. The three steps encompass identifying the problem, brainstorming for an ideal alternative and selecting the best among others to implement. In most organisational setups, the rational model is the most common

Describe and analyze the Reconstruction of the American South between Essay

Describe and analyze the Reconstruction of the American South between 1863 abd 1877. What was its impact on the future of American society - Essay Example r original practical relations; and let all these questions then be discussed in common council†¦ that it would have been better as soon as the lamentable conflict was over, when the people of the south abandoned their cause and agreed to accept the issue, desiring as they do to resume their places for the future in the Union, and to look to the arena of reason and justice for the protection of their rights in the Union†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Plans for Reconstruction were already on the way even before the war ended. These plans and eventual legislations and proposals were mostly influenced by the powerful Republicans, which demand harsh policies for the Southern states. However, the moderates, such as then incumbent President Abraham Lincoln prevailed on restoring the Southerners back as fast as possible with as much leniency.1 However, admission to the union meant the Confederate states were to adhere to several terms and conditions without compromise otherwise they risk representation in the United States Congress. Although subjected to several historical debates in the past, the Reconstruction period is undeniably one of the most significant periods in the United States history. It would impress a lasting impact on two major aspects in the identity of American society. They are racial equality and economic activity. â€Å"The disintegration of slavery was one among several considerations that propelled the Lincoln administration down the road to emancipation†¦ Lack of military success, coupled with the anti-slavery agitation of abolitionists and Radical Republicans, convinced a significant part of the Northern public that the war could not be won without attacking slavery.† (Foner, Mahoney, p. 16) Thus, after their defeat, the Confederate states were forced to swear on abolishing slavery and eventually free their black slaves. The moderates and radicals among the Republicans agreed that it was essential in guaranteeing the perpetual union among the states. The

BPMN advantages, disadvantages within system integration Essay

BPMN advantages, disadvantages within system integration - Essay Example Business Process Modeling Notation offers a common universal language thereby reducing the communication barriers that existed in designing the business process models. Business Process Modeling Notation also helps in bridging the gaps that existed in communication which affected the process of business modeling from the designing stage to the implementation stage.Since Business Process Modeling Notation uses the technique of flowcharting, the method has made information relaying simpler. This is because use of images assists users and designers in summarizing information. A single flowchart can be used to reflect many situations that would have required a lot of words in explaining and representing.Another significant advantage of using Business Process Modeling Notation is the fact that it is a simple model. The model embraces simplicity by converting information and representing it in a simple flowchart. This gives it an upper hand in the market since every business is after a sim ple model that will serve its purposes and at the same time it is easily applicable in every business environment provided that the firm maintains proper records and comprehensive data on its operations.Business Process Modeling Notation is an important model especially in firms that has adopted process automation. In the modern world, more and more companies have adopted a system that supports high levels of information technology since this makes operations in the company much smoother.

Discuss research into different type of attachment Essay Example for Free

Discuss research into different type of attachment Essay Mary Ainsworth conducted two naturalistic observations, one in the rural community of Kampala in Uganda which lasted for two years and the other in the urban city of Baltimore which had lasted for one year. The aim of this observation was to look at a mother and infant interaction. In both study she used the same number of participants, which were 26 mothers and their infants. Using the strange situation she found three different types of attachments that were displayed by the children and the fourth found by Main and Solomon. The first study in Uganda she found that some mothers were more sensitive to their infants needs meaning that, they were more capable of providing more details about their infants. The infants of these mothers were ‘securely attached’, this means that in their mothers’ presence they cried little and were more eager to explore. This secure attachment led to the infants being more independence because they used their mothers as a secure base that they could run to in time of danger. The second observation took place in Baltimore, America. In this study she and her team did not use a behaviour checklist which means that there was not certain thing that she was looking for, for example she did not have a paper where she wrote all the behaviour that she was looking for such as anger or sorrow and ticked them off when she witnessed it, she was purely just writing what she had seen. In this observation she found that mother were more sensitive to their infants for the first three months of their lives, meaning that in the one year that she had studied them, only for the first three months the mother, who was classified as a secure base responded more to the infants needs during that time period. Learning theorist found this confusing, this is because from their understanding, responsiveness to behavioural social releasers, such as crying should act as a reinforcer and increase the crying, but this was different Anisworth predication which was that behavioural social releasers decrease the caregiver responsiveness. One limitation of these studies is that because it was a longitudinal study, which means that it went over for a long period of time, it may have caused  participant attrition, where participants drop out of the study and this may cause problems for her, such as she may not have yet found what she needed. but one strength of the study being longitudinal is that the mother may become more comfortable with the fact of someone observing them so this could led to them being more free and able to express themselves better, and this would be an advantage for Mary as she will witness the mothers true personality and behaviour. One limitation of the Baltimore study alone was that her study was not operationalised; meaning that she did not define what she was observing and this could lead to her finding irrelevant information. In the Baltimore study we saw that Mary Anisworth conducting her research using the Strange Situation. This method was used to test the nature of attachment systematically. the aim of this was to see how infants behaved under condition of mild stress and novelty, this stress was created by a presence of a stranger and by separation from caregiver; this is tests stranger anxiety and separation anxiety. The strange situation also tries to encourage exploration by placing infant in a novel situation which tests the secure base concept. This research takes place in a novel environment, this is a 99 foot square marked off into 16 squares, and this was to help mark the movements of the infants. This method consists of eight episodes, each used to emphasise certain behaviours; the behaviour that was assessed was stranger anxiety, this is the distress shown by an infant when approached or picked up by someone who is unknown to them. The second behaviour assessed is separation anxiety, this is the distress revealed by infants when separated from its primary attachment figure. And the last behaviour assessed was Reunion behaviour this is the behaviour shown by infants when reunited with their mother. The results in a strange situation are collected by a group of observers who record what the infants are doing every 15 seconds. Aniworth et al (1978) found that there are three types of attachment that infants had with their caregiver. One of the attachment found was the secure attachment, this is when an infant has a strong and cooperative interaction with their caregiver. These types of infants properly will not cry if their caregiver leaves the room, but when feeling scared they use their caregiver  as safety net that they run to seek close bodily contact and although they may not want to leave their caregivers side prematurely, they are easily soothed. They seek and are comfortable with social interaction and intimacy. The securely attached infants are more independent this is because they use their caregiver a secure base and because they know that they have this secure base they tend to explore their environment more. Another type of attachment is Insecure-avoidant, this attachment is formed of children that don’t like to socially interact with others and tend to avoid intimacy. In the strange situation, when separated from their caregiver these children show little response and do not seek proximity of their caregiver on reunion. If the infant is picked up they may show little or no tendency to cling or resist being put down. These children do not need their caregiver to be there for them to explore, they are quite happy to do it without them. They may also become quite angry because their attachment needs are not met. Furthermore another type of attachment is insecure-resistant, these are children who both seek and reject intimacy and social interaction. When separated with their caregiver they show intense distress, on reunion they may resist being picked up while also trying to maintain proximity. The last type of attachment was found by Main and Solomon (1986) when they done a re-analysis of over 200 strange situation. The fourth attachment that they found was Disorganised; this type is characterised by a lack of a consistent patterns of social behaviour. These children can show strong attachment, which is suddenly followed by avoidance or looking fearful towards their caregiver or displaying odd movements such as stumbling. In conclusion, there are four types of attachment that children display these are secure attachment, insecure- resistant, insecure avoidance and disorganised and a way to identify what type of attachment a child has is to use the strange situation method, that was first conducting by Mary Anisworth.

Climate Justice And Individual Responsibility Philosophy Essay

Climate Justice And Individual Responsibility Philosophy Essay In the last couple decades, ethical debates have begun to shed light on climate justice. The big questions these ongoing climate justice debates tend to ask are whether or not the disadvantages of future generations as a result of climate change finds present and past generations culpable, as a society or as an individual, and who it is that must take responsibility for the compensation and conservation that must now occur. The two fallacies that I have thus far encountered in reviewing some climate justice literature are as follows: first, that the non-identity problem is a sound argument to deny that our present inaction on global warming and climate change harms individuals in the future, and second, the view that Walter Sinnott-Armstrong holds that our individual actions in the present will have no impact on future generations, and therefore we hold no individual moral responsibility to go green, but rather our governments hold that responsibility for us (Sinnnott-Armstrong, 344) . In this paper, I attempt to resolve these two fallacies with my own argument on an individuals moral responsibility in the face of climate change, argued in part with Immanuel Kants deontology, and following some clarification on the nature of justice and ethical theories. I will come to assert that, assuming climate change is a grave issue that will harm many people in generations to come, individuals do have a moral responsibility to take action in regards to climate change in accordance with a moral duty, born of the rights of future generations. This argument is based on the assumptions that climate change is an issue that will create serious problems for future generations living in parts of the countries that are not able to properly adapt to the rising sea levels and extreme weather conditions that climate change will cause (Gardiner). It also assumes that climate change will cause harm to these future populations, as massive death and displacement will likely take place if adaptation measures are not taken. These are facts that the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) have studied and determined true, concluding in their research not only that the balance of evidence suggests discernible human influence on climate change, but also that the long-term impact of climate change will have predominantly, if not uniformly, adverse impacts on the health, cultural life, and economic prosperity of future human populations, (Page, 53-4). One of the biggest issues fracturing the climate justice debate is how justice can be defined in regards of the responsibility involved with climate change. Climate change is not a standard moral problem, and thus cannot be judged like one. The paradigm of a standard moral problem is where one clearly identifiable agent intentionally harms another clearly identifiable agent, close to the former in space and time (Schinkel). However, because climate change happens so gradually, and it is impossible to determine the exact impact of present acts of greenhouse gas emission on future effects of climate change, there is no clearly identifiable criminal, victim or even crime. As James Garvey puts it, theres no one standing red-faced next to a broken vase (60). This means that determining the consequences and who is responsible for them is very difficult. Our justice system is so far only compatible with identity-dependent theories of justice, theories that aim to make particular human being s, or animals, healthier or happier or rescue people from harm or disadvantage, particularly if these disadvantages arise through no fault of their own, (Page, 58). Because there is no identifiable harm to these particular human beings of generations to come, climate justice faces a problem of non-identity. The non-identity problem, explains Edward Page in his work Intergenerational Justice and Climate Change, arises from the fact that conception and genetic identity is so highly sensitive to antecedent events that after a few generations, and depending on which policy we choose, completely different sets of people will come into existence (Page, 56-7). These different sets of people will owe their entire existence to the decisions and actions of past generations, Page explains. Thus, because we assume that these particular individuals lives will still be worth living under those necessary conditions of their existence, we cannot determine how they are helped or hindered by our pres ent sacrifices (57). So, why sacrifice? In my opinion, the non-identity problem is a convenient excuse to attribute no crime, and therefore no responsibility, to present generations. It takes advantage of the insufficient data available to decipher exactly how much harm wasteful greenhouse gas emissions in the present will cause to individuals in the future. Although the amount of harm is indefinite, panels like the IPCC have concluded that certain communities of future generations will be significantly disadvantaged and deprived if nothing is done about climate change (Page, 53-4). Edward Page offers a revised theory of identity-dependence in light of this that he claims will solve the non-identity problem (63). The group-centred theory of climate justice states that the communities which future people will belong to are deserving of concern and respect in their own right; and if present actions have the result either that these communities die out altogether, or are damaged in the sense that various communal practices ar e undermined, they are morally objectionable (64). While this theory is a step towards moral progress on the climate justice issue, intuitively it does not feel sufficient enough. When it comes to intergenerational justice, what is the tipping point? How many people must be affected for a particular community to be deserving of concern and respect in their own right (64)? In light of this, I feel that this theory will still not do. Future populations will be affected, and thus future communities will be affected and future individuals will be affected; in my opinion, there should be no grand distinction between groups and individuals when it comes to harm and disadvantage. While Pages group-centred theory at least helps identify victims in the intergenerational injury, it still only recognizes our duty to future communities of people. While this may be sufficient enough to promote conservation methods, I still believe his theory does not go far enough in recognizing future individuals as victims to climate change. If the group-centred theory solves the non-identity problem by imagining victimized groups of people, why cannot the fact that there are individuals within that community that will be personally harmed by climate change negate the non-identity problem as well; individuals whose homes will be submerged or destroyed by hurricane or tsunami, causing them to be displaced or killed. Most would agree that a communitys risks of losing its culture or language are not as grave as an individuals risks of losing his home or life. Naturally, there is more utility in a community than in a mere individual, however I fail to see the difference in moral wort h between a community and an individual. To us in the present generation, both entities are moral patients, with rights and duties owed to them. Moral patient is a deontological term to describe a non-rational being with rights, such as an animal, a child or a person with a mental disorder (Gheaus). Because they are non-rational, they do not have moral duties, only duties owed to them by moral agents, rational beings who are capable of moral understanding (Gheaus). Those individuals that will be harmed by climate change in the future are currently very young or unborn, and therefore not yet rational. We have a duty to them to uphold their rights, and they have the right to the same conditions of life as their forefathers. However, while we can acknowledge that we have a duty to future generations, it is not as clear to us which actions are according to that duty. As in most moral problems, it is helpful to consider tried and true moral principles to determine how we ought to act. While I dont see universal merit in absolute Kantianism, I feel that Kants deontology is the right principle to consider for climate justice because it focuses not on consequences (which as I have explained is and has been unclear to present and past generations) but on duty according to the categorical imperative (Gheaus). The categorical imperative has two formulations: the first, to act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law, and the second, act so that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in that of another, always as an end and never as a means only (Gheaus) Sinnott-Armstrong denies that Kants theory imposes a moral obligation to prevent wasteful greenhouse gas emissions, claiming that when he goes for a joyride in a gas-guzzler on a Sunday afternoon, his maxim is to have harmless fun , and that does not make for a problematic universal law (338). However, Sinnott-Armstrong explains in detail earlier in the article that this gas-guzzling GHG-emitting joyride has no practical, emotional or clinical benefit for him (334). Therefore there would be little sacrifice involved in refraining from driving the gas-guzzler. Hypothetically if Sinnott-Armstrongs maxim were adopted as a universal maxim, and if millions of others worldwide began driving gas-guzzling cars on a weekly basis, or began doing other acts of wasteful greenhouse gas emission because they also considered it non-profitable harmless fun, then that fun would not longer be so harmless. All of those wasteful emissions would go into the atmosphere and contribute to the Greenhouse effect, eventually leading to climate change and indefinite harm on future generations. However, Sinnott-Armstrongs argument does shed light on the fact that using Kants deontological argument to defend climate justice is overly dema nding of supererogatory duty. Who should say that we in present generations should never have harmless fun when it emits wasteful greenhouse gas emissions? After all, our environment needs some greenhouse gas emissions to operate (Garvey, 9). This is where it is important to distinguish between the two types of duty in deontology. Perfect duty is to always act according to the two formulations of the categorical imperative, with absolutely no exceptions (Gheaus). A perfect duty is thou shalt not kill, for example. An imperfect duty on the other hand is to act such that we make other peoples ends our own (Gheaus). Imperfect duties are a little less clear, as the agent must choose when and towards what cause to perform these duties, since it is impossible to perform them all the time to everybody (Gheaus). Preventing wasteful greenhouse gas emissions is an imperfect duty; we are not required to perform it all the time and at every opportunity. If we did, that would likely decrease our own benefits such as money, time and convenience in the process to ultimately ensure that the same benefits of future generations are not decreased. This does not make sense to do. This leads me to the second formulation of the categorical imperative, to not treat any person as a mere means but also as an end. Sinnott-Armstrong rejects this formulation as well, claiming that for me to treat someone as a means implies my using harm to that person as part of my plan to achieve my goals. Driving for fun does not do that, (338). However Sinnott-Armstrongs argument is too narrow in its scope. Driving a gas-guzzling car is using the earths unlimited resources for ones own pleasure, and is thus using the earth as a means to ones purposeless ends. Of course, human beings are permitted to use the earth as a means to their ends and always have, but that is not to say we should treat the earth as a mere means and not an end at the same time. Even in an anthropocentric theory of intrinsic value, that attributes value to the earth only by virtue of its value to human beings, the earths ends are our ends (Page, 59). When the earths resources are exhausted or destroyed by cli mate change, humanity will be inevitably extinguished. Therefore we have a duty, though imperfect, to future states of humanity (as we in the present will not likely still be alive at the end of the world) to treat the earths ends as our own where it is not too overly demanding or costly. Sinnott-Armstrong argues that individuals do not have a moral obligation to conserve energy but only to elect a government that will adopt conservation policies (344). Finding and implementing a real solution is the task of governments, he argues (344). However, as a matter of the universalizability principle, this is not sufficient enough. Individuals have a moral responsibility to conserve energy where they can and when they can; I agree that electing candidates with conservation platforms is a proactive way to do something about climate change, but I also think the responsibility should be reflected in peoples lifestyle. Recycling, switching to energy-efficient appliances and lightbulbs and walking or biking instead of driving are all simple ways to modify ones lifestyle to conserve energy and uphold the duty to future generations. Action starts with the individual. While the theories of Page and Sinnott-Armstrong shed light on the issues surrounding climate justice, I feel that they do not go far enough in attributing moral responsibility to individuals to conserve. Looking to Kants deontology allows us to see that we do have a duty to future moral patients, and a responsibility to make the earths ends our own ends as well. I only hope that, for the future of our planet and generations to come, all these words exchanged over climate justice are followed by individual action.

Comparison Of Olympic And Paralympic Games

Comparison Of Olympic And Paralympic Games Commonwealth, World Cup, English Premier League are sports event that is very popular. Besides all those events, the Olympics and Paralympics are one of the most well-known sporting events in the world now. Everybody knows about Olympics and Paralympics. The background of Olympics is founded by a young Frenchmen named Pierre de Coubertin. In 1890, he organized and founded a sports organization, Union des Socià ©tà ©s Francaises de Sports Athlà ©tiques (USFSA). Two years later, Coubertin first pitched his idea to revive the Olympic Games. (Jennifer Rosenberg 2010) Besides that, the background of Paralympics is the first Paralympics Games were held in Rome, Italy, in 1960 and involved 400 athletes from 23 countries. Originally only wheelchair athletes were invited to compete. Since that time, the Paralympics Games have grown dramatically. (History of the Paralympics Movement, online) Both the Olympics and Paralympics have some interesting similarities and differences in terms o the criteria, time of event, games played, rules of games and mission and vision. Both athletes in the Olympics and Paralympics need to be national players of their own countries and meet the requirements set by the Olympics organization in order to participate in these events. However, besides this basic requirement, both the Olympics and Paralympics have other requirements that are very different. For the Olympics, qualified athlete must at least meet the minimum requirement set by the Olympics organization in order to participate in the Olympics game, which is at least a national athlete. And they are all usually train in the young age. For example, Gymnastics and other acrobatic events, kids as young as 4 can be selected for elite programs to prepare for the Olympics game. However, sports like wrestling or rowing, adults bodies are required to really excel, so intense training usually starts around high school. . (10 Steps to Become an Olympic Athlete 2010, online) Youth athletes require a lot of intense training all the time, and competing with all the junior level, year around. And for the athletes who are outstanding will go on to careers as adults and represent their country and take part in Olympics game. Eventually, athletes that perform the best track time from their own country, or got titles in the junior level, or got the best records among all the college or universities, etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ may qualify for entrance into the Olympic trials. And lastly, if they place high enough in the trial, they may be selected for the team. Furthermore, Olympics game is open to all age. The oldest Olympic medalist was 72 years old. For Paralympics instead, in order to participate in Paralympics, according to Paralympic Game 2010, online, athletes must be with disabilities such as, cerebral palsy, spinal injuries, amputated limbs, visual impairments or some other mobility disability. And that is the only requirement that required entering in Paralympics game. Athletes that participate in Paralympics with disability but do not interfere with their ability to participate in the game are all welcome to join the Paralympics game. Paralympics competitors are classified based on their level of disability during the game. And all the participants must learn the requirements, the rules and regulations and also the classification before the game. As usual, they are all selected in the national game before they participate in the Paralympics game. Thus, from the criteria above, these are the differences between these two events. And these are the different criteria of these two major sports games. 2.2: Time of event Olympics game is a major event which held every 4 years. However it is classified into 2 groups which are winter game and summer game. Therefore, in another word, it is held every 2 years but 4 years within their respective games. For example, in the year of 2004, summer Olympics game was held in Athens, Greece. In the year of 2008, it was held in Beijing, China. For winter Olympic game, in the year of 2006, it was held in Turin, Italy. And in the year of 2010, winter Olympic game was held in Vancouver, Canada. (Jennifer Rosenberg 2010) As you can see from the example, Olympics game was held every 2 years. However, many of us only concern on the summer Olympics games but not the winter Olympics games. For Paralympics, it is also the same as Olympics game. And it usually held immediately after the Olympic game. 2. 3: Games Played There are many different kinds of games played in Olympics and Paralympics. Some of the games played are the same but just different ways of playing. The similarities of games played for Olympics and Paralympics is it is categorize as summer and winter games. As an example, the last Olympics which is 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China, there were a total of 28 summer sports. For Olympics Summer Games, categorized sports played on land and water sports. For sports played on land, there is archery, athletics, badminton, basketball, boxing, cycling, fencing, football, handball, tennis, table tennis, volleyball, weightlifting, wrestling, judo, handball, and taekwondo. For water sports, there are swimming, diving, sailing, water polo, synchronized swimming. (Olympics Sports List 2007, online) Paralympics has also the games played in Olympics but the difference is the way of playing. For example instead of basketball, it is wheelchair basketball. Therefore, for Summer Sports Paralympics are archery, athletics, boccia, bowls, cycling, equestrian, football 5-a-Side, football 7-a-Side, goalball, Judo, powerlifting, rowing, sailing, shooting, swimming, table tennis, volleyball, wheelchair basketball, wheelchair dance sport, wheelchair fencing, wheelchair rugby and wheelchair tennis. Moreover, for winter Olympics games, it is categorized in a few categories which is Ice Sports, Alpine, Skiing and Snowboarding Events and Nordic Events. On the other side, Paralympics have only four winter sports which is alpine skiing, ice sledge hockey, nordic skiing, and wheelchair curling. There are only two winter sports which is similar, another two is not played in Olympics winter games. In conclusion, Olympics and Paralympics sports have summer and winter games. Some of the games played are the same but different ways of playing. 2.4: Rules of Sports There are many kinds of sports in Olympics and Paralympics. Every sport has their own rules. There is a few reasons that why the rules are set. The first reason is to make sure that the competition between the athletes must be fair. Another reason is to make sure that no drugs are taken and cheating during the competition. All the rules must be followed by all the athletes strictly. There are a few examples of the rules of sports played in Olympics and Paralympics. Below are the examples of the rules of 3 similar games played in Olympics and Paralympics. Although the games are the same but the rules is different. 2.4.1: Basketball For Olympics, the first sport is basketball. In basketball, there are four quarters in each game. There are 10 minutes per quarter for the four quarters. After the second quarter, there is a half time break. The half time break lasts 15 minutes long. By the end of the quarter, the score of both teams are the same, there will be overtime. This overtime period is an extra period that lasts for 5 minutes. Besides that, in Olympic basketball, the referee can awards two foul shots to a fouled player if the team committing the foul has more than four fouls in the period. (Rules 2007, Online) For basketball in Paralympics, a player can wheel the chair and bounce the ball, if the ball is picked up and placed on the players lap, the player is only allowed to push twice before they shoot, pass or dribble the ball again. Besides that, a player lifting his or her legs to gain an advantage is given a technical foul. On an inbounds play, the offensive player is not allowed to go into the key area until the ball is handed to the bounding player by the referee. (Wheelchair Basketball Rules 2005, online) 2.4.2: Rugby For Olympics, is rugby. In rugby, a player is allowed to carry, pass, kick and ground to score a point for the team. Rugby is also called as an end-zone invasion game. It means that each team focuses on gaining possession of the ball, taking it into the opponents territory, and placing it in the goal area or the end zone to get the score. There are two categories of players. First one is forwards which consist of 8 players and the second one is backs which consist of 7 players.( Basic Rules of Rugby, online) For Paralympics, is wheelchair rugby, it is played by two teams of up to 12 players. Only 4 players from each team may be on the court at any time. For this game, girls and boys can be in the same team to play a game. The court of the wheelchair rugby is 28 meters long and 15 meters wide. The required court markings are a centre line and circle, a key area measuring 8 meters wide and 1.75 meters deep at each end of the court. The goal line is the section of the end line within the key. Players score by carrying the ball across the line. ( IWRF, online) 2.4.3 Volleyball The third sport is volleyball. For volleyball, a team scores a point by grounding the ball on the opposite side of the court. In order to win the game, the team must win three sets of 25 points. Besides that, the four types of sanctions in volleyball. The first one is warning, second one is penalty, third one is expulsion and the last one is disqualified. Another common rule is the blocking rule. Blocking is when a team player attempts to reach higher than the net to intercept a ball, however as a rule only those players on the front line can attempt this play. Otherwise, there will be a penalty.( Volleyball Basic Rules, online) For sitting volleyball, the position of each player is determined and controlled by the position of their bottoms. Their hands and legs may lie in the attack or free zone outside the court. The referees in sitting volleyball must stand to the sides of the court because of the height of the net and the players are in seated position. The referees official hand signal is raising the upper hand and forearm positioned parallel to the floor and mirror imaging the lower hand and forearm. 2. 5: Mission and Vision of Olympics and Paralympics Every Olympics and Paralympics, the missions and vision is different. As a example, the mission and vision for Beijing Olympics is One World, One Dream. This mission and vision is to make the whole world to have the same target and same dream, in order to achieve the target and dream, they have to work together as one. This mission and vision is also use to motivate those athletes to work as hard as they can to achieve their target. (Beijing 2008, Online) For Paralympics, the mission and vision was To Enable Paralympics Athletes to Achieve Sporting Excellence and Inspire and Excite the World. This mission and vision is to make those people who have a disable to gain their confident in doing stuffs. Some of the people who have a disable will give up because of what they are, so they will need this motivation to have their confident back so that they wont feel that they are useless. (Vision Mission Values 2010, Online) For this coming Olympics and Paralympics in 2012, the mission and vision is to stage inspiration Olympics Games and Paralympics Games that capture the imagination of young people around the world and leave a lasting legacy. This mission and vision is to make the new generation to last the sports spirit. (London 2012 Vision for the Olympics 2010, Online) 3.0: Conclusion In conclusion, after comparing and contrast of the criteria, time of event, games played, rules of games and mission and vision of Olympics and Paralympics, there are similarities and differences between Olympics and Paralympics. For the criteria, Olympics and Paralympics has different criteria to achieve. Besides that, for the time for event is held is similar but the only difference is Paralympics is held only after Olympics. For the games played, there are some games is that same sports but just different ways of playing and the similarities is that both Olympics and Paralympics have summer and winter games. Moreover, the rules of the games are totally different although the game is the same. Finally, although both of these events is different but the mission and vision of these events is similar. Olympics and Paralympics are events that challenge athletes all around the world, able-bodied and disabled alike. It is truly an event that helps to ensure personal confidents, dignity and also countries name.

Using their Powers For Bad :: essays research papers

Over the years, there have been multiple occasions in which the entertainment industry has stuck it’s nose in places where it doesn’t belong. Instead doing their job of providing the general public with music, movies, and television shows that will amuse them, and divert them from their normal everyday life, people in Hollywood are using their status of high respect to influence others political views.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In August of 1972, as the Vietnam War was winding down, Jane Fonda visited North Vietnam. While she was there, she visited many of the places where the Vietnamese people were living, and also the Vietnamese soldiers. One photo that was taken of her instantly became famous. She was posing on an NVA anti-aircraft gun, the same guns that were used to shoot down American planes. While American soldiers were over in Vietnam putting their lives on the line for our country, she went to visit the enemy, and sit in the gun seat of anti-American weaponry. While members of our military were fighting for their lives, she was using her celebrity and money to protest the war, and influence others to do the same.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As a member of a highly respected industry, others took the views and opinions of Jane Fonda very seriously. When someone of that status goes to other countries, and makes statements such as Jane Fonda did, other countries begin to believe that they are the views of the entire country. Her anti-war feelings were construed as being the general sentiment of all Americans because she was the one who was famous enough to have here opinions documented and widely publicized.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another celebrity who has used her fame for reasons other than entertainment is Sheryl Crow. She has not gone quite as far as Jane Fonda did in the seventies, but has still used notoriety to influence others. She frequently wears anti-war apparel at her concerts and other Hollywood events, and always sneaks in some sort of â€Å"no war† speech into all of her interviews. In 2003 during a March concert in London, Natalie Maines, the lead singer of the Dixie Chicks, took a break from performing to make some very controversial comments. She claimed that, â€Å"we’re ashamed the president of the United States is from Texas.† A comment may felt was completely uncalled for, it caused many people to boycott them. Patrons that paid for those tickets did not do so in order to hear a political debate, they paid to hear a concert.

government-controlled investment :: essays research papers

Some argue that personal retirement accounts would be a mistake and that the government instead should set up its own investment fund to help finance future benefit payments. The good news is that this indicates a growing awareness that  ¡Ã‚ °pre-funding ¡Ã‚ ± (i.e., accumulating assets) is a necessary component of Social Security reform. The bad news, however, is that government-controlled investment is the wrong answer to the wrong question. It assumes that policymakers should focus solely on balancing the program ¡Ã‚ ¯s revenues and expenditures. This ignores the other Social Security crisis ¡Ã‚ ªthe fact that the tax burden on today ¡Ã‚ ¯s workers is extraordinarily high compared to the benefits received (often referred to as the rate-of-return crisis). But even if balancing Social Security ¡Ã‚ ¯s long-term finances were the only goal, government-controlled investment would be the wrong answer. This is because a government-controlled pension fund would not face the competitive pressure and legal obligation to make investments solely for the economic benefit of future retirees. As one expert has explained: Giving the federal government that power and control would create large risks for the economy and for the retirement security of today ¡Ã‚ ¯s workers. The Congressional Budget Office, for instance, has warned: For example, evidence at the state and local levels with public employee pension funds ¡Ã‚ ªas well as evidence from similar arrangements in other nations ¡Ã‚ ªdemonstrates that politicians and their appointees often are tempted to steer the government-controlled pot of money toward special interests, political allies, or corporate contributors. In addition, even well-intentioned policymakers are not qualified to invest funds and manage money. Simply stated, they do not face the bottom-line pressures that force private businesses and investors to allocate resources wisely. Yet poor investment decisions have serious consequences. Most important, workers would earn lower returns on their money, and even small differences in rates of return translate into less retirement income.

“Cyberschool” by Clifford Stoll Essay

Cyberschool is a story well written by Clifford Stoll, who shows us what Cberschool is. Cyberschool is an idea, a reform, and a solution that has been explained in the story. The idea of Cyberchool is ironic and unceremonious, or at least explained that way. The use of technology is in play, trying to expand education by using technology. As a reform, they discussed getting rid of teachers, and that would cut back lot of other opportunities. Seeing a teacher is one thing that your not able to do, and sometimes is very important to get a face to face experience. It also eliminates luxuries such as, art lessons, and field trips. All these things that are being eliminated recoup the price of what’s spent on the computers. Money as well would have to be spent on CD-ROMs for educational games. Cyberschool is said to showcase technology and train students for the upcoming electronic workplace. Author Clifford Stoll expresses Cyberschool theme to us as tremendously satirical and informal. Bringing back reform, the paper is shown that it’s supposed to help, but rather far from that. Clifford Stoll has well expressed his thoughts, and theme with a clear understanding, but still slacked on some certain occasions. The idea is just crazy, but some may find it genius. After reading Cyberschool, it kept reminding me of online classes. I have personally taken them, and find them not as bad as some may think. It is an advantage to have a face-to-face discussion with a teacher though. If at anytime have questions, they wouldn’t be able to get the same answer as a teacher would give. Cyberschool to me was a well-written plan, and had ups and downs. It could save money and cost money, for example, getting rid of teachers, and buying computers and CD-ROMs.

Personal Budget Balance Sheet, Cash Flow Essay

Memo To:Mr. Christopher De Maline From: Date:02/17/2014 Re:Personal Budget, Balance Sheet, and Cash Flow Statement Dear Mr. De Maline Saving money is extremely important however; some people do not have healthy savings thus leading them to financial instability. Therefore, being a good steward over your finances should be consistent and begin at an early age and progress as you age. This will provide an effective growth pattern to allow future financial security. The purpose of this memorandum is to evaluate my client’s financial outlook, their personal budget, balance sheet, and cash flow statement and provide recommendations for improvement of their financial situation. My client, Chauncey Latham is 51 years old and a police officer. He is married and has one dependent. Kyle Latham, Chauncey’s wife is 47 years old and is currently not working. Prior to her unemployment, Kyle annual earnings were $96,000 a year. They live is a nice 4-bedroom house, in a great community with a sought after school district. The family has a comfortable looking life, though their financial outlook is pretty grim. Together Chauncey and Kyle earn $85,000 a year, which includes Chauncey’s off duty work and Kyle’s unemployment benefit. Their life savings have dwindled down the emergency fund is very low, and their credit card debt is high. The balance sheets show my clients assets and liabilities and verify their net worth. Any property including jewelry or saleable items is considered assets and can produce income. The asset value should have a fair market value, which means the amount of money they would have today if sold. Conversely, liabilities are debts that decrease the net worth. PERSONAL BALANCE SHEET: ______________________________________________________ Balance Sheet of December 31st, 2013 _______________________________________________________ Assets Liquid assets Checking account balance $ 4,000 Savings $ 5,000 Money market account $ 11,000 Cash value of life insurance $ 250,000 Total liquid assets $ 270,000 Household assets Current market value of home $ 235,000 Market value of vehicles $ 28,000 Jewelry $ 25,000 Studio/Stereo equipment $ 15,000 Total household assets $ 303,000 Investment assets Individual retirement accounts $ 150,000 College certificate $ 10,000 Total investment assets $ 160,000 Total assets $ 733,000 Liabilities Current Liabilities Credit card balances $ 20,000 Car loan $ 16,000 Student loans $ 120,000 Personal loan $ 15,000 Mortgage $ 201,000 Total Liabilities $ 372,000 Net worth (assets minus liabilities) $ 361,000 To improve my client’s understanding of their finances, I am recommending that a cash flow statement be created. Because some people are unaware of their financial outlook, creating a cash flow statement will provide the structure needed, thus providing information such as where the money is going and how much is remaining at the end of the month. A plus to developing a cash flow statement is the ability to analyze the fixed expenses with the income and savings and modify as needed. Latham’s cash flow statement. _______________________________________________________ Monthly cash flow statement for December 31st, 2013 _______________________________________________________ Cash Outflows: Mortgage $ 1,400 Property taxes $ 3,063 Car loan payment $ 565 Students loan $ 485 Credit card payments $ 600 Car/house/life insurance $ 250 Power $ 200 Water $ 70 Telephone $ 265 Gas/Transportation $ 400 Food $ 800 Clothing $ 100 Medical expenses $ 150 Entertainment $ 100 Gifts/donations $ 300 Total Outflows $ 8,748 Allocation of surplus: Savings (Emergency Fund) $ 800 Saving Goal $ 300 Surplus $1,100 The next recommendation would be to develop a personal budget for the Latham’s. This will allow them to have the proper foundation to establish strong financial understanding, develop strong money management skills that will pave the way long time financial security. Hence, I will determine their monthly income and show expenses to determine where modifications need to take place. IncomeActual Amt.PercentageProj Amount Salary $7,083 $7,083 Expenses Mortgage $1,400 $1,400 Property Tax $250 $250 Car Loan Payment $565 3% $548 Student Loan $485 4% $465 CC Payment $600 10% $540 House/Car/Life Ins $250 $250 Power $200 2% Water $70 $70 Telephone $265 10% $239 Gas/Transportation $400 $400 Food $800 10% $720 Clothing $100 50% $50 Med Exp. $150 $150 Entertainment $100 50% $50 Gift/Donation $300 30% $210 Saving/Emergency $500 $1,000 Savings Goal $300 $600 Based on the data, there is room for financial improvement. I would advise my clients to request lower interest rates on both their credit cards and car loan, and request student loan consolidation. Also, reducing the power usage in the home, change telephone plans to something more cost effective, and attempt to use coupons for grocery shopping when at all possible. Lastly reduce any spending on gifts, entertainment, and clothing would help in  improving the overall financial outlook. If the plan is followed, the Latham’s, would be able to increase the money deposited into the saving goal and emergency saving accounts. After a while, the money could be used to reduce the other debt. Having a personal budget is the blueprint for managing and spending finances. Use of the personal budget, gives you control over timely bill paying, monthly expenses, and provide an overall financial picture, so you know where you are each month. Utilizing a budget will allow better forecasting in long-term financial needs, which will help in better long-term savings, student loans can be paid sooner, and liquid cash can be readily available when needed. A personal budget is key in improving financial health. References: eHow. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.ehow.com/how_4475033_start-personal-budget.html Jack R. Kapoor, L. R. (2009). Personal Finance. In L. R. Jack R. Kapoor, Personal Financial Planner (pp. 1-69). McGraw-Hill Company.

Intercultural Communication Essay

Intercultural communication is a study of cultural difference through communication. It is a form of global communication throughout the country all over the world. It is used to describe the wide range of communication problems that naturally appear within an organization made up of individuals from different religious, social, ethnic, and educational backgrounds or other acceptable factors. Intercultural communication is sometimes used synonymously with cross-cultural communication which in instance also brings up the same meaning and discussing the same issues. In this sense it seeks to understand how people from different countries and cultures act towards each other’s, communicate and perceive the world around them. Many people in intercultural communication such like in business management argue that culture determines how individuals encode and preserve messages, what mediums they choose for transmitting and broadcast them, and the way messages are interpreted and understood. It all depends on the characteristics and the component on the culture itself. It is also affected by the communication skill from the group of people and how they interact with each other. Intercultural communication occur when in minimum two person with different culture come in contact with each other and exchange ideas in verbal and also nonverbal communication. Before understanding intercultural communication as whole, first we need to know what culture is. What are the definition, and how these words correlate with communication skills? Cultures have certain components and elements that build its character. These components are symbol, language, value, norm and belief. Culture define as a complex system of knowledge, beliefs, values, customs, behavior and artifacts that are acquired, used and shared by the member of the group of people in their daily lives. In identifying how the complex system work we must know the important component in culture. Symbol is anything that meaningfully presents something that recognize by a culture. An example of a symbol is just like bald eagle that represents United States of America, or Kris represents Malaysia, Elephant represents Thailand folks. Language is symbol system that used for people to communicate with each other in their country. But also certain language can be interpret by others which define whom that value and try to achieve a perfect concept of intercultural communication itself. Values are culture defined standards that people use as guideline in social interpretation, such as what to do is right and what they believe to be right in their daily practice. Norm is any establishment of rule and expectations that guides the behavior which means anything that a group of people usually do to maintain their behavior. Beliefs are special thoughts or idea that people hold on trusting that it is true and never been wrong, and beliefs also clarify religion also make a culture different from he others. Culture also has the characteristics. There are seven characteristics of the culture and the first are culture is created and learned by group of people. In this group of people culture is shared between them. Culture can be transmitted from past and to the future means that culture can be passing down to generations. Culture is something dynamic and always changing by time following concept of how the world changes. Culture prescribes behavior and attitude which means culture define and shape the behavior of the people in that group according to their prescriptions. Communication is a dynamic, systemic process in which meanings are created and reflected in human interaction with symbols. The process is ongoing and ever changing. It is contextual, always taking place in a specific location. Communication never takes place in a vacuum situation. When we do communicate with another human being, we can only infer what she or he is experiencing because no two human beings have the same experiences leading up to that specific communication event. We are all born as white cloth. It is the culture we are born into that gives meaning to our experiences and helps us to define our world or how it is going to be. The meanings we give to events shape our world and fulfill our expectation. Our brain functions as an open system and we learn from each encounter and add to our system of knowledge from past and present events. Most of our culture is transmitted through unconscious communication acts and behaviors. These ideas are received by imitating, observing, and interacting with others, and we are not even aware we are receiving these messages. We receive them first from our parents, then from siblings and others as the scope of our world broadens and as we meet more and more people each day. These events happened unconsciously and as we realized we already have it and learn it by heart. As a separate notion, it interprets situations where people from different cultural backgrounds interact to each other. Aside from language, intercultural communication focuses on social attributes, thought patterns, and the cultures of different groups of people. It also involves understanding the different cultures, languages and customs of people from other countries. Intercultural communication plays a role in social sciences such as anthropology that, cultural studies, linguistics, psychology and communication studies. Intercultural communication maybe narrow its scope into cultural anthropology that is the comparative study of the manifold ways in which people make sense of the world around them, while social anthropology is the study of the relationships among persons and groups. While cultural anthropology is more akin towards philosophy and arts, social anthropology leads towards sociology and history. Cultural anthropology itself presents intercultural definition by learning the culture in many obvious ways. As discussed before the culture is shared and through this sociocultural anthropology an example of sharing is by myth and legends. These stories have been told in narrative process by the elder people and spread towards the generation. Myth is something that is more sacred and the actors were sometimes gods or demigods that were popular in western countries. Legend is something, someone or an event that believed by the narrator and believed by the people to be true such in Malaysia, there is a tales of Mahsuri or Hang Tuah. Everybody knows that they were exist but the legends was written in the form that it is embedded by culture of Malay people and transmitting some important values that need to be understood until today whether it is accepted or no longer remembered. Linguistics in other hand is a study of human language and sometimes an ancient language and those that are no longer can be read. Linguistics additionally draws on and informs work from such diverse fields as acoustics, anthropology, biology, computer science, human anatomy, informatics, neuroscience, philosophy, psychology, sociology that also a branches of courses that play a very important role in intercultural communication. These all component merely remarking that all subjects need to have communication skills as the core and intercultural quality to strengthen it’s as language is the component of the intercultural communication itself, the study of linguistics ultimately helps to understand culture that embedded in language and also allow us to communicate freely within this border. Psychology is an academic and applied discipline that involves the scientific study of mental functions and behaviors. Psychology has the immediate goal of understanding individuals and groups by both establishing general principles and researching specific cases, and by many accounts it ultimately aims to benefit society and a group of people. In this last point the group of people specifically referring to different culture. Usually psychology component merge with social factors to narrow down the understanding and to apply the intercultural knowledge firmly. These merge area known as psychosocial factors. Psychosocial factor comprises the social being of culture and how the psychological issues affect the exchange cultural idea throughout and ideal interactive communication. Psychologist explore concepts such as perception, cognition, attention, emotion, phenomenology, motivation, brain functioning, behavior and interpersonal relationships. Some of this concept are important and needed to unlock an intercultural communication successfully. It is not about health only because the more you understand other culture social behavior with interpersonal skills and with added linguistics expertise, a complete form of intercultural communication is achieved. Intercultural communication is also referred to as the base for international businesses. There are several cross-cultural service providers around who can assist with the development of intercultural communication skills. Research is a major part of the development of intercultural communication skills such as research needed to understand all the component of the culture itself. The course to assess this communication skills have been mention earlier and the most relevant part is the intercultural competency. Intercultural competence is the ability to communicate effectively and appropriately with people of other cultures. With a perfect asset of component understanding and deep knowledge of all courses within behavioral science people must comprehend the intercultural competence whether appropriately valued norm, and expectations within a culture or effectively by accomplishing goals and then you will achieved cross cultural competence with a immaculate communication skills. As a conclusion, Intercultural communication is a field of study that become important as world expand. Living in the world without border actually tests your surviving skills with this valued asset. The major perspective that was developed is traditional, interpretive and critical. 20th century shows that technology imperative cause people more frequently come to contact with each other that differ. The mobility around the world has become easier and changing demographic also increases the need of cross cultural understanding. By understanding this asset, a person might gain certain beneficence such as personal empowerment, a freedom from ignorance and also a productive relationship. This three benefits of intercultural apprehension not only bring success individually but also to an industry or the country itself.

Anglo Saxon Poetry Of Beowulf English Literature Essay

BeowulfA is the most of import verse form in Old English and it is the first major verse form in a European slang linguistic communication, †¦ remarkable for its sustained magnificence of tone and for the glare of its manner, as has been remarked by Margaret Drabble. Beowulf has been categorized as a â€Å" Primary Epic † by C.S.Lewis. In wide footings, a primary heroic poem is drawn from the unwritten narrative stating tradition as opposed to what Lewis termed as a â€Å" Secondary Epic † which is a planned literary creative activity. A Handbook to Literature defines the undermentioned demands for a literary piece to be classified as an heroic poem: On the footing of these standards, which shall be examined in the undermentioned paragraphs, Beowulf can safely be characterised into the heroic poem genre. The hero of Beowulf is â€Å" a figure of heroic stature † . Beowulf ‘s physical stature mirrors his qualities and when we foremost see Beowulf as he arrives from his fatherland Geatland at Scyldings in the land of the Danes, attending is drawn to his stature by the Scylding guard who exclaims that he has ne'er seen a â€Å" a mightier baronial, / a larger adult male † ( 247-48 ) Beowulf is a hero of heroic strength with the strength â€Å" clasp † of 30 work forces, who kills nine sea monsters on a swim. Subsequently he establishes his strength by killing Grendel and his female parent. Though immature at the beginning of the verse form, Beowulf has all the devisings of a good leader. He reveals his line of descent to the reader when he mentions his male parent to the guard who is funny about him ( 251 ) . Beowulf besides reveals his male parents name and the name of his male monarch, Hygelac. On his meeting with King Hrothgar ( 418 ff. ) , we realise that non merely is Beowulf brave and brave but he besides is loyal and has come to refund the generousness and kindness of King Hrothgar to his male parent Ecgtheow. He besides divulges that he has cleansed his fatherland of its enemies and has killed a folk of giants. Thereafter he shows his strength when he kills the sea monsters while viing with Breca. Beowulf ‘s handling of Unferth ( 529 ) is a farther testimony to the wisdom of the immature hero. By his handling of Unferth, and the maner in which he reminds the assemblage of the certificates of Unferth and how he killed his ain brothers, Beowulf asserts himself even before he confronts Grendel. In the conflict with Grendel, Beowulf displays his accomplishments as an intelligent warrior as he allows Grendel to devour a Geat, while he lies still accessing his enemy. As a con sequence of analyzing his enemy he manages to rend Grendel ‘s right claw off from his shoulder socket. He farther strengthens his repute as a worthy and courageous warrior in the mode in which he deals with Grendel ‘s female parent. He besides shows himself as a loyal friend when Hygelac is killed in a conflict, since he does non claim the throne for himself but supports his boy. Merely when Hygelac ‘s boy is killed in a fued does Beowulf go up to the throne. The conflict with the firedrake in his old age once more proves his strength and him as a good warrior though a few critics found him reckless for non worrying about who would go up him to the throne. Beowulf besides makes the usage of the tools of heroic poems such as asides, addresss, and expeditions. There is besides a mirroring of the unwritten tradition of narrative stating in the text, as we see the â€Å" scop † who chants the occurrences of The Finnsburh Episode ( 1063-1159 ) . The asides though they appear cumbersome were feats of good known heroes and popular narratives. For case the blood-feud history of Finn and the Danes reverberations Cain and Abel in its misrepresentation, craftiness, treachery and disloyalty. The slaying of Finn to revenge the decease of Hnaf brings on the onslaught of the monster Grendel, who is eventually slayed by Beowulf. The narrative of this narrative non merely celebrates his triumph but besides highlights the triumph of good over immorality. Unlike the classical heroic poem, Beowulf does non get down â€Å" media RESs † and has no supplication to the Muse, but it is an heroic poem however, given the character of the hero, the events of great magnitude and besides the poetic composing. The verse form employs the usage of initial rhymes, which carry more significance than a rime. A important portion of the verse form does use the usage of rime as good. But over all it is evident from the scrutiny of the verse form that it was compose for unwritten narrative as opposed to a literary piece. Beowulf is a glorious merger of many subjects, viz. the subjects of Christian and Pagan rites, of light and darkness which mirror good and evil, of Men and Monsters, of Treasures, of the importance of Genealogy, of community, of Wyrd and of good Kingship which runs analogue in the narrative. In the book English Epic and Heroic Poetry, the writer W. Macneile Dixon, stresses that Beowulf is was perchance non â€Å" crude poesy † ( Pg. 14 )[ 5 ]when it was composed. Though the linguistic communication of the verse form appears to be simple, the poets have drawn on both the Pagan and Christian elements. Therefore Fitela, Scyld Scefing and Sigmund from heathen mythology are offered as defenders of demeanor and the monster Grendel ‘s household line belongs to the family tree of Cain ( 107 and 1258-67 ) . Again we see a strong heathen influence as the Anglo-Saxon construct of Wryd is a subject by itself in the text. Beowulf calls upon Wyrd when he battles the first sea monster of the nine that he killed, when he competed with Breca. Subsequently he attributes his endurance to the Christian God. ( 569-574 ) . He besides refers to Wyrd at his concluding reference. Hrothgar besides thanks God when Beowulf defeats the monster Grendel. Through the text Hrothgar ‘s advocate and warnings to Beowulf reflect the Christian dogmas of generousness and the pattern of gold giving followed at that clip. Three of the awful seven deathly wickednesss are besides mentioned as a warning to Beowulf. ( 1724-78 ) When Beowulf is deceasing ; Wiglaf tries to resuscitate him utilizing a ritual with H2O which calls to mind the Baptism. Beowulf is really heathen in the mode in which he chooses to contend the firedrake entirely, and it is in maintaining with the codification of behavior of the warrior. His subsequent funeral, with a adult female and 12 considerations mourning him name to mind, Christ ‘s adherents and Mary Magdalen forenoon Christ. Good and immorality is a nother subject running through the text and it is farther emphasised as we view the struggle of visible radiation and darkness, and heaven and snake pit. The text begins with a apposition of the light universe of the human warriors and their gay mead-hall with the dark universe of Grendel ‘s prevaricator ( 417-426 ) . The universes invariably clash as Grendel ‘s haterate and slaughter of the Danes brings Beowulf to him who is non afraid to face the darkness. ( 480-488 ) . Hrothgar ‘s soldiers though brave do non last boulder clay dawn. Where Grendel symbolises darkness, his female parent symbolises snake pit and somberness that is dark at its darkest. Continuing with the subject of dark and light is the subject of adult male and monster. While we are cognizant the Grendel is a monster ( 101-108 ) , we are besides reminded that possibly Beowulf is besides non wholly human, since he kills nine sea monsters, and about has the power equivalent to Grendel particularly s ince his feats of conveying the monsters to an terminal could easy be lines used for Grendel. ( 551-558 ) the subject of good triumphing over immorality besides runs through the heroic poem as even though Grendel is strong with crisp claws he is defeated non by the blade but by the bare custodies of the heroic Beowulf. ( 987-990 ) Again we are reminded of Beowulf ‘s strength which is more than human as he is contending Grendel ‘s female parent, and he is protected by his extraordinary armor which is adorned with two rings demoing the friendly relationship of the Geates and the Danes and their support of Beowulf. The heroic poem is rich in item since it has a hero who harmonizing to Hegel[ 6 ]the hero Beowulf is waited on manus and pes, and has to fight for basic endurance, and the necessities of life such as â€Å" Equus caballuss and arms and nutrient † . The subject of hoarded wealth therefore besides highlights the implicit in economic sciences of a feudal society while heightening the heroic poem. Harmonizing to W.P.Ker, in his book Epic and Romance, he mentions that Beowulf was likely written by two Scribes and has a construction with a â€Å" prologue at the beginning and a judgement pronounced on the life of the hero at the terminal † ( Pg.158 ) BeowulfA has an omniscient ( â€Å" omniscient † ) storyteller. The narrative voice remarks on the character ‘s actions, and knows and is able to describe on what they think. The storyteller is cognizant of things- for illustration, the expletive on the firedrake ‘s hoarded wealth ( lines 3066-75 ) -that are non known to the heroic poem ‘s characters. Beowulf portions this all-knowing narrative with other heroic poems, such as theA Iliad, A theOdyssey, A and theA Aeneid, A but remains subtly different. The storyteller ofA BeowulfA makes an expressed connexion with the audience, admiting a shared background of cultural cognition, in the gap lines of the verse form: A † WeA have heard of the thriving of the throne of Denmark † ( accent added ) . The storyteller ‘s voice is besides closely connected with those of the characters. Both use narrations in the same manner, to indicate a moral or to project†¦ ..

Job opportunities in performing arts Essay

The below information is a rough guide based on the information from the jobs4you website. There are over 500,000 people that work in the creative and cultural skills area of work, there are over 62,000 creative businesses in the UK, and 94% of the businesses only employ 10 people a year, so being an arts administrator is a very competitive area of work to get into. There are opportunities throughout the whole of the UK, in public and private organisations. You can get a job in theatre, concert halls, galleries, museums, exhibitions and festivals, etc. Jobs for admin are advertised in the local and national press, and through magazines such as the Arts Professional and The Stage. Qualifications Most of the employers ask for GCSEs at A-C in English and Maths, also it helps to have some relevant work experience. Some arts administrators have gone on to complete a degree, there are many degrees that offer relevant experience, for example business studies, arts management, music, drama or visual arts. The degrees normally last for 3 years, entry for a degree is normally at least two A levels. Entry for adults is a bit harder, so relevant work experience is required, for example: Administration or secretarial work, marketing or public relations, finance, performing arts, for example as a dancer or performer. Access courses are available for people that don’t have the relevant qualifications, and who would like to study a degree. In this job, many people train on the job, but they can take short courses to help develop or to produce new skills. There are many NVQs and SVQs that are relevant, these include: * NVQ/SVQ levels 3 and 4 in business and administration * NVQ/SVQ levels 2,3,4 and 5 in cultural heritage. A promotions manager in the music industry is specialised in finding any opportunities in publicity, this can be for all types of artists, for example a singer or instrumentalist. promotions managers may work with record labels and individual musicians or bands.

Summary Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 16

Summary - Article Example The second question that the author discusses is the capability of computers crossing geographical distances, thus making world a small place. The third argument questions the ability of computers to act and remain intelligent, while being at the disposal of the human being. However, as one can witness from the current trend, computers have revolutionized the way world is conducting business currently. The ability of computers to deal with information has changed age-old supply chain systems, advertising patterns, warfare techniques as well as marketing and social networking. Author argues that informational boom had started almost 100 years back, as witnessed by inventions of radio and TV, as well as haul trucks and other equipment. However, the way computers have increased the efficiency of these gadgets is for all of us to witness now. Global distances have disappeared with use of computer and internet is another example of computers making our life easier and simpler, as geographical distances do not matter now for a project manager coordinating his project sites across the world. The author may be correct in questioning the intelligence of computers, as human brains still function in a superior manner, while directing a computer for finishing certain tasks. However, super-intelligent breed of computers will pave the way for creating intelligent smart machines, better than we have today. Gelernter, David â€Å"Computers and the Pursuit of Happiness†, goggle books, nd, web, 12 March 2015: